Fighting “dysfunctional rule of regulation, rising authoritarianism and systemic corruption” the annual Corruption Perceptions Index, launched on January 30 by Transparency Worldwide, presents a “troubling image” for Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In the meantime, countries that rating extremely within the index “have lengthy fuelled transnational corruption,” a mantra acquainted within the area we cowl right here at Crossroads.
Importantly, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) “measures how corrupt every nation’s public sector is perceived to be, in keeping with specialists and businesspeople.” So whereas a rustic like Switzerland might, itself, rating extremely it’s exactly its popularity as a “clear” nation that makes it engaging for corrupt officers “when selecting the place to launder and make investments their ill-gotten positive aspects for safekeeping.”
Just some examples: In 2020, an RFE/RL investigation discovered that family of former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev had invested almost $785 million in luxurious property in six international locations over a 20-year time span, together with chateau-style mansions on the shores of Lake Geneva. In 2022, an joint investigation by the Organized Crime and Corruption Report Challenge (OCRP) and Kazakh media outlet Vlast discovered that Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s spouse and son had a Swiss checking account, in addition to a number of properties close to Lake Geneva, too. It’s not simply the Kazakhs; Gulnara Karimova, daughter of the late Uzbek President Islam Karimov, infamously stashed a lot of her wealth in Switzerland.
This transnational ingredient has gained better consideration over the past decade or so, because it has turn into increasingly clear – with repeated leaks of information such because the Panama Papers, the Suisse Secrets leak, and others – that corruption in “corrupt states” is basically entangled with monetary techniques managed by and in “clear” states.
So how is corruption perceived, as of 2023, in Central Asia at current? Within the just-released 2023 CPI, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are up and Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan are down. To be clear, on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being “very clear,” no Central Asian nation has a rating larger than the worldwide common of 43.
Kazakhstan ranks highest, at 93rd out of the 180 international locations thought-about within the index, with a rating of 39. Kazakhstan’s rating improved over 2022, with Altynai Myrzabekova and Lidija Prokic, Transparency Worldwide’s regional advisErs for Europe and Central Asia, writing that Astana has made “some progress in addressing corruption points, together with by means of authorized reforms and recovering stolen property.” However “these efforts are overshadowed by its autocratic governance alongside lack of transparency and judicial independence.” Moreover, “the enduring affect of highly effective political elites, permits corruption to thrive.”
Uzbekistan’s rating has improved steadily over the previous decade, rising from a dismal 13 factors in 2013 to 33 in 2023. Tashkent’s key efforts have included “creating an anti-corruption company, strengthening laws and liberalizing the economic system” in addition to imposing current legal guidelines by submitting fees in opposition to corrupt officers. Like Kazakhstan, nevertheless, “its authoritarian governance resists strikes in the direction of transparency and democracy, exerting management over legislative and public establishments, and utilizing the justice system in opposition to critics.”
Kyrgyzstan is highlighted particularly within the regional report for its sudden backslide since 2020, falling from a rating of 31 that 12 months right down to 26 as of 2023. “In simply 4 years, Kyrgyzstan… has turned from a bastion of democracy with a vibrant civil society to a consolidated authoritarian regime that makes use of its justice system to focus on critics.”
Tajikistan and Turkmenistan are highlighted within the report too, as having among the many area’s – and the world’s – worst CPI scores. Tajikistan’s rating of 20 is its lowest within the final decade, and marks a decline from final 12 months. Turkmenistan, with a 2023 rating of 18, sits within the backside 10 international locations on the planet by way of corruption notion, only one level above North Korea.
Central Asia is, by and huge, not anyplace near shaking persistent perceptions about corruption within the area. Even in instances of enchancment, equivalent to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, there’s a restrict to how a lot low-hanging fruit will be picked. To noticeably deal with corruption – which is a essential prerequisite to altering perceptions about corruption – the international locations of Central Asia must face the intense lights of transparency, and regional elites might not just like the glare.
