Because the world’s largest producer of palm oil, Indonesia has sought to capitalize on the commodity’s use instead supply of renewable power by way of the adoption of biodiesel, a mix of palm oil and fossil fuel-based diesel. The nation’s biodiesel coverage was first carried out in 2008, beginning with a 2.5 % biodiesel mix (B2.5). Through the years, the proportion of palm oil within the biodiesel mix has regularly elevated, with the present combine sitting at 35 % (B35).
Leveraging its huge palm oil reserves, the nation plans to extend the biodiesel mix mandate to 40 percent beginning subsequent yr. Moreover, President-elect Prabowo Subianto has additionally set an bold goal to introduce a B50 biodiesel mix throughout the subsequent 5 years, aiming for implementation by 2029.
Indonesia’s biodiesel initiatives goal to cut back its reliance on imported fossil fuels, enhance home palm oil consumption, and help the agricultural sector. These efforts are additionally a part of the nation’s broader technique to cut back carbon emissions and transition in direction of renewable power whereas selling each financial and environmental goals. Nevertheless, Indonesia’s plan to extend the biodiesel mixing ratio within the coming years has raised considerations concerning the international palm oil provide chain, given the nation’s vital position within the trade.
In 2023, Indonesia produced 46 million tonnes of palm oil, representing 59 percent of the worldwide market. The Indonesia Palm Oil Affiliation (GAPKI) reported that out of 23.2 million tonnes of home consumption final yr, 45.9 % was used for biodiesel, adopted by 44.4 % for meals, and 9.7 % for oleochemicals, akin to cosmetics, family, and industrial merchandise. This marked the primary time that biodiesel consumption of palm oil surpassed its use for meals, elevating alarms about meals safety, particularly given the cooking oil scarcity skilled in 2022.
GAPKI famous that the implementation of the B35 combine has elevated palm oil consumption for biodiesel by 17.68 percent, from 9.048 million tons in 2022 to 10.65 million tons in 2023. With the B40 mandate set to start subsequent yr, the Indonesia Biofuel Producer Affiliation expects it is going to drive up crude palm oil (CPO) consumption additional to 14 million tonnes for biodiesel.
Regardless of assurances from the Ministry of Agriculture that it’s going to preserve enough provide whereas dealing with the rise of the biodiesel mandate, considerations persist that the rise in manufacturing figures has not stored tempo with rising consumption.
Whereas the federal government has been pushing to extend home CPO consumption by way of biodiesel blends over the previous few years, Statistics Indonesia (BPS) confirmed that the nation’s palm oil manufacturing remained comparatively stagnant with solely lower than 1 % annual development since 2020. Final yr’s manufacturing outputs have been additionally nonetheless decrease than the 47.1 million tonnes produced in 2019, the final full yr earlier than the COVID-19 pandemic.
On the identical time, in accordance with a GAPKI report, the compound annual development charge of home palm oil consumption from 2019 to 2023 has surged to eight.5 %. Furthermore, palm oil consumption for biodiesel has elevated considerably by 17.5 % yearly for a similar interval, whereas meals consumption grew by only one %.
With the rise in home consumption, significantly for biodiesel, and static manufacturing ranges, the federal government could have two choices to handle the difficulty: tightening export quotas for CPO merchandise and growing home palm oil manufacturing.
Palm oil is one in every of Indonesia’s high export commodities, alongside nickel and coal, with its commerce worth reaching $25 billion final yr. Nevertheless, the nation has skilled a decrease in palm oil exports, falling from 33.1 million tonnes in 2022, when the B35 mandate was absolutely carried out, to 32.2 million tonnes in 2023. A part of this, too, is the slowing demand from European international locations involved concerning the social and environmental impacts of Indonesian palm oil, particularly the Netherlands, Spain, and Italy, that are among the many nation’s high 10 palm oil export locations.
Whereas there was no official assertion from the federal government but, it’s anticipated that export quotas for palm oil and its spinoff merchandise shall be tightened to fulfill home consumption wants if manufacturing yields stay sluggish. This transfer aligns with the Indonesian authorities’s earlier actions, such because the short-term palm oil ban in 2022, which demonstrated a desire for prioritizing home consumption over exports.
Indonesia’s high three palm oil export locations – India, China, and Pakistan – depend on Indonesian palm merchandise for his or her vegetable oil consumption. The three international locations collectively made up 46.7 percent of Indonesia’s whole exports final yr.
With the potential for stricter home insurance policies in Indonesia, tighter export rules might immediate international locations to hunt different commodities from different palm oil producers, akin to Malaysia or different suppliers. This shift might result in a possible scarcity of palm oil within the international market, driving up costs and affecting industries and customers worldwide.
One other potential measure for the Indonesian authorities is to extend home palm oil manufacturing whereas upholding rigorous environmental requirements. Regardless of the federal government’s 2018 moratorium on the institution of latest oil palm plantations in peatland areas, BPS knowledge exhibits an increase in plantation areas, attributed to the enlargement of “registered” giant personal plantations.
Though recorded knowledge signifies a slight enlargement in plantation areas, nationwide palm oil productiveness has been declining. In 2019, 14.46 million hectares of plantations yielded 47.12 million tonnes of palm oil. Nevertheless, in 2023, solely 46.9 million tonnes have been produced from a bigger space of 15.43 million hectares. This slowdown in productiveness can also be attributed to aging trees within the nation’s palm oil plantations, which lead to declining yields.
Whereas Indonesia’s push in direction of biodiesel is commendable, the federal government should fastidiously navigate the complexities of the palm oil provide chain and its overarching international impression. A strategic stability is crucial to fulfill home calls for and safeguard the worldwide market whereas preserving the financial stability of the palm oil sector. By doing so, Indonesia can obtain its bold power objectives by way of the adoption of biodiesel with out compromising the broader financial and environmental penalties of its very important palm oil trade.
